Argentinosaurus, widely accepted as the largest known dinosaur. Albeit vague as a dinosaur, Bruhathkayosaurus is also a contender for the title
The largest species of animal alive today
Animals today can be absolutely giant. Elephants can reach 10.4 tonnes (11.44 US tons)[1],[1] polar bears can reach 1,002 kilograms (2,205 pounds or 1.2 tons)[2] and blue whales are the largest animals ever, with a maximum weight of 200 tonnes (220 US tons)[3]. However, prehistoric animals were also giant. While this page cannot cover all of them, here are just some of the largest prehistoric animals. This does not just include dinosaurs, but sea animals, pterosaurs, mammals and other extinct taxa.
It is important to note that these are estimates and are subject to change as new material is discovered and described.
Reptiles[]
Archosaurs[]
Archosaurs are the group of reptiles that include modern day birds and crocodilians, there are numerous species of animals in this group, still alive that are massive. The Barbary Ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus) is the largest bird alive, with a maximum weight of 157 kilograms (345 pounds) and a height of 3.1 meters(10 feet)[4].The largest avian bird is the Great Bustard (Otis tarda),with a maximum weight of 21 kilograms(46 pounds).[5]As for crocodilians, the largest ever is the Saltwater Crocodile, with a maximum size of 7 meters(23 feet) and 2 tonnes (2.2 US tons).[6] Archosaurs also include the dinosaurs and the pterosaurs, some of the dominant groups of the Mesozoic Era.
Crocodilians[]
C. thorbjarnarsoni by Lamborlobator
The largest extinct animal in the Crocodylus genus was Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni, an extinct relative of the Nile Crocodile, although it's much larger at 6-8 meters (20-26 feet) and over 2 tonnes (2.2 US tons).[7] Another contender for that title might've been the Pleistocene species Crocodylus siamensis (including formerly referred C. ossifragus specimens) with some specimens reaching Dorsal-Cranial-Lengths of over 90 centimeters.
Euthecodon by Lamborlobator
The largest true crocodilian in Crocodylinae was Euthecodon, with a total length of 8.1 Meters (27 feet). It would’ve been around 2.5 Tonnes (2.75 US Tons).[8] It is not closely related to the Crocodylus genus, and closer to the Slender Snouted Crocodiles (Mectistops) and Dwarf Crocodile Genus (Osteolaemus).[9] Pleistocene C. siamensis would contest for that title as well.
The relatively related Gharials (Tomistoma and Gavialis genus) have a large genus in Rhamphosuchus. Older estimates have put the genus at 15-18 meters (50-60 feet), but more recently, size estimates have put it at 9-11 meters (30-36 feet) and around 3 tonnes (3.3 US tons).[10]
The Alligatoroids include very large species, with Deinosuchus measuring more than 13 meters (43 feet) and 13 tonnes (14.3 US tons), making it the largest member of Alligatoridae and the biggest carnivorous Archosaur.[11]
Deinosuchus size estimate by TA Holmes(Fadeno)
Size comparison of Purussaurus, showing both upper and lower estimates
Purussaurus is also a giant, the largest known Caiman species recorded at roughly 10 Meters (33 feet) and a whopping 4.8 Tonnes (5.3 US Tons) at a lowball.[12]
There are also a few extinct clades of crocodylomorphs and Crocodylians, one of them being the group Mekosuchinae
In it the largest animal is Paludirex, with the largest individual having a size of 5.25 meters (17.5 feet) and 725 kilograms (1,600 pounds).[13]
Other Crocodyliformes[]
Size of Machimosaurus
Out of the Thalattosuchians, the largest was Machimosaurus, a more derived Thalattosuchian that was 6.9-7.15 meters (23-24 feet) long.[14]
Of the Notosuchids outside of Xenodontosuchia, the largest was Razanandrongobe, with a maximum size of 7 meters (23 feet) and a weight of 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds).[15]
Size of Barinasuchus
The largest Sebecid (And largest Notosuchid) was Barinasuchus, at a size of 6.18 meters (20.5 feet) and a weight of 1,831 kilograms (4028 pounds) based on a volumetric analysis.[16]This in turn, makes it the largest Cenozoic land predator and largest terrestrial predator.
Stomatosuchus Size by Beagliam and Lamborlobator
Out of the members of Stomatosuchidae, the largest was Stomatosuchus, with a size of 9-10 meters (30-33 feet) and a weight of roughly 3-3.5 tonnes(3.3-3.85 US tons).
Size of the closely related (albeit dubious) Pristachampsus
The Cuban Crocodile like Planocranids are also relatively large, with Boverisuchus being roughly 3 meters (10 feet) long and 250 kilograms (550 pounds). Similar to the aformentioned Cuban Crocodiles.[17]
Pseudosuchia[]
Size of Smilosuchus
Out of the Phytosaurs (Assuming they fall within Pseudosuchia), Smilosuchus was by far the largest, with a minimum size of 7 meters (23 feet) and a maximal size of 12 meters (40 feet).[18][19]
Size of Desmatosuchus
The Aetosaur Desmatosuchus is the largest of the group, at 4.5 Meters(15 Feet) in Length.[20]
The Rauisuchids or Loricata (depending on the termonology used) were apex predators of the Triassic, Prestosuchus is the largest of all these apex predators, reaching lengths of 6.7 Meters (22 Feet) and weights of 1.6 tonnes (1.75 US tons).[21]
Pterosauromorpha[]
Size of Dromomeron by Cisiopurple
Size of Hatzegopteryx by PrehistoryByLiam
Starting with the members of Lagerpetidae, the largest was Dromomeron, which was around 1 Meter (3.3 Feet) long and no heavier than a pet cat.
Hatzegopteryx is the largest Azhdarchid and Pterosaur,with a wingspan of 10-11 Meters (33-36 Feet) and a weight of 300-500 Kilograms (660-1100 Pounds).[22]
Size of Dearc by Cisiopurple
Dearc is the largest Non-pterodactyloid Pterosaur, with a wingspan of over 3 Meters(10 feet), similar to modern birds like the Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) and Trumpeter Swan(Cygnus buccinator).[23]
Dinosauromorphes[]
Size of Silesaurus
The Silesaurid Silesaurus was the largest of this group, at 2.3 Meters (7.5 Feet) long.
Ornithischia[]
Heterodontosaurus size by Cisiopurple
The largest Heterodontosaurid was Heterodontosaurus, with a maximal size of 1.8 Meters(6 Feet).[24]
Of the Ankylosaurians, Ankylosaurus is the largest. volumetric models suggest a maximal size of around 4.4 Tonnes (4.9 US Tons) and just around 7 Meters (23 feet) in length.[25]
Size of Stegosaurus by RandomDinos
Size of Ankylosaurus by Cisiopurple
For the Stegosaurians, Stegosaurus is the largest of them. Stegosaurus maxed at 7.8 Meters (26 Feet) and 8 Tonnes (8.8 US Tons).[26]
Pachycephalosaurus by RJ Palmer
The largets member of Thescelosauridae is Thescelosaurus with a maximal size of 4.5 Meters (15 Feet) and 350 Kilograms (770 Pounds).[27]
Thescelosaurus by ChrisMasna
The largest Pachycephalosaurian is Pachycephalosaurus,with a size of 4.5 Meters (15 Feet) and 500 Kilograms (1,100 Pounds).[28]
Triceratops size by HarryTheFox
The giant Triceratops is the largest of that group and Ceratopsian. The size of this animal is roughly 8.2 Meters (27 Feet) and 10 Tonnes (11 US Tons).[29]
Iguanodon Skeletal by RandomDinos
The largest Elasmarian is Macrogryphosaurus, the specimen we have is a juvenile,and in life it would already be 6 Meters (20 Feet) long.[30]Fully grown adults could be 7, possibly 8 Meters (23-26 Feet).
Shantungosaurus size by Cisiopurple
The largest Iguanodontian is the type species, Iguanodon, at a maximal size, it would be around 11 Meters (36 feet) and 6 Tonnes (6.6 US Tons).[31]
For the Saurolophine Hadrosaurs, the largest was Shantungosaurus, at a size of 15 Meters(50 Feet) and a weight of 16 Tonnes (17.6 US Tons).[29]
Non-Avian Theropods[]
The largest non-averostran is Cryolophosaurus, the largest specimen was around 8 Meters (26 Feet) long and 900 Kilograms (1,984 Pounds).[32] Albeit potentially dubious Kayentapus could potentially be more massive.
Deltadromeus size by Cis iopurple
Pycnonemosaurus skeletal by RandomDinos
The largest Noasaurid was Deltadromeus, with a maximal size of 8 Meters(26 Feet) and around 1.5-2 Tonne s(1.65-2.2 US Tons)[33],with a potentially 16 Meter(53 Feet) specimen![34] Although veague and enigmatic theropod Bahariasaurus could be a potential contender.
The largest member of Abelisauridae is Pycnonemosaurus, with a size of 8.9 Meters (30 Feet) and up to 3.3 Tonnes (3.6 US Tons).[35] Although fragmentary specimens such as Unnamed Abelisaur from north Africa and vague “Titanovenator” are potential contenders.
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus skeletal by Randomdinos
The largest megalosauroid is Spinosaurus, length estimations vary between 13.6 to 14.7 - 15 meters long; while a controversial subject most conservative weight estimates range from 7 to 8.5 Tonnes (7.7 - 9.36 US Tons) for larger specimens.[36][37]
Size of Giganotosaurus by Dan Folkes
In Allosauroidea the largest isGiganotosaurus. The holotype alone outsizes any contemporaries at 8.5 Tonnes (9.36 US Tons) and 12.7 Meters (42 Feet). The dentary specimen is potentially even larger, with a maximum size of 13.5 Meters (45 Feet) and 10.4 Tonnes (11.5 US Tons). Due to this, it is one of the largest theropods currently, potentially being the largest.[38]
Size of Maip by Falcon9
The Megaraptoran Maip is the largest of the group. With a size of 10 Meters (30-33 Feet) and ~3 Tonnes (3.3 US Tons).[39] Althought a more fragmentary and rarely known theropod called Jiangxi Megaraptoran is a potential contender.
Tyrannosaurus rex reconstruction by Dan Folkes
The largest Tyrannosauroid and largest theropod was Tyrannosaurus, with "Scotty" being 12.4 Meters (41 Feet) and up to 10.4 Tonnes (11.45 US Tons).[38]
Size of Deinocheirus(Bar=1 Meter)
The largest Ornithomimosaur was the bizarre Deinocheirus, the largest would be around 11.5 Meters (38 Feet) and around 7.2 Tonnes (8 US Tons).[40]
Size of Therizinosaurus by Dan Folkes(Bar=1 Meter)
The largest Therizinosaurid is Therizinosaurus, at 9.7 Meters (32 Feet) and 5.5 Tonnes(6 US Tons).[41]
Size of Utahraptor by PrehistoryByLiam
The largest Oviraptorosaurian is Gigantoraptor,at a maximal size,it would be 8 Meters (26 Feet) long and around 2-2.5 Tonnes (2.2-2.75 US Tons).[42]
The largest Dromaeosaurid is Utahraptor, measuring 5.5 Meters (18 Feet) long and about 470 Kilograms (1,050 Pounds).[43]
The largest Troodontid is a species of Troodon from the Prince Creek Formation. Individuals here could grow up to be 13 feet long and 6.5 feet tall[44].
Sauropoda[]
Ledumahadi size by Cisiopurple
Argentinosaurus skeletal and size by BrickSmashTv
By far the largest non-sauropod Sauropodomorph was Ledumahadi with a maximal size of over 9 Meters(30 Feet) and potentially 12 Tonnes(13.2 US Tons).[45]
Out of the non-macronarian sauropods,the largest species is the mysterious Maraapunisaurus,which was roughly 30 Meters(100 Feet) long and close to 80 Tonnes(88 US Tons).[46]
Size of Vorombe(Aepyornis?) compared to a 1.8 Meter(6 Foot) tall man
The largest Sauropod ever is, Argentinosaurus, with a size of 33 Meters (110 Feet) and 80 Tonnes (88 US Tons).[47] Although another sauropod; vague in terms of research is also a contender for the title named Bruhathkayosaurus.
Avians[]
The heaviest bird ever recorded is the Elephant Bird,specifically Vorombe(=Aepyornis?),with a height of 3 Meters(10 Feet) and a weight of 730 Kilograms(1,606 Pounds).[48]
Pelagornis wingspan compared to an Andean Condor and a Wandeering Albatross
The tallest bird, is Pachystruthio, with a height of 3.5 Meters(12 Feet) and 450 Kilograms(1,000 Pounds).Roughly 3 Times the size of the Barbary Ostrich.[49]
Argentavis compared to a 1.7 Meter(5.7 Foot) tall woman
The largest aerial bird by weight is Argentavis. With a wingspan of 6-6.5 Meters(20-22 Feet) and a weight of 70-72 Kilograms(154-160 Pounds).[50] The largest bird by Wingspan is the contemporary Pelagornis.With a wingspan of 7.3 Meters(24 Feet) and a weight of 40 Kilograms(88 Pounds).[51]
Size of Devincenzia by RandomPaleonerd01
The largest prehistoric waterfowl is Garganornis,weighing up to 22 Kilograms(48 Pounds).[52]
The Haast's Eagle by Harry The Fox
The largest eagle is the Haast's Eagle, at 15 Kilograms (33 Pounds) and a wingspan of 3 Meters(10 feet).A few kilograms heavier than the largest Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja).[53][2]
Size of Kumimanu compared to an Emperor Penguin
The largest predatory bird in general, is Devincenzia, with a weight of 430 Kilograms (950 Pounds) and 2.35 Meters (7.8 Feet) in height.[54]
The recently discovered and described Kumimanu is the largest penguin and largest semi-aquatic bird. Weighing in at 159.7 Kilograms (350 Pounds).[55]
Squamata[]
The order Squamata includes snakes and lizards, as well as the extinct Mosasaurs, the dominant aquatic predators of the Late Cretaceous.
The heaviest lizard today is the Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis),with a maximal size of 81.5 Kilograms(180 Pounds).[56]
The closest second in weight is the Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus) with a maximum weight of 98 Kilograms(215 Pounds).[57]
The longest squamate is the Reticulated Python (Malayopython reticulatus),measuring up to 7 Meters(23 Feet).
Tylosaurus size by Cisiopurple
The largest Squamate and Mosasaur is Tylosaurus. The largest specimens would have been over 15 Meters (50 Feet) and 15 Tonnes (16.5 US Tons).[58]
Titanoboa compared to a human skeleton
The largest snake is Titanoboa, with a length of anywhere between 12.8-14.3 Meters (43-47 Feet).[59]
The largest prehistoric venomous snake is Laophis,with a length of roughly 4 Meters (13 Feet) and 27 Kilograms (60 Pounds).[60]
Size of Megalania specimens
The Megalania or Varanus priscus is the largest lizard ever,with a size of 6.3 Meters (21 feet) and 1 Tonne (1.1 US Tons).[61]
Pantestudians[]
Today, the only living pantestudians are modern turtles, but back then, it was different.There were also the plesiosaurs and pliosaurs as well as the nothosaurs and Placodontids (although whether or not these were pantestudians remains up to debate) The later two groups were at their prime in the Triassic and the Pliosaurs were apex predators of the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, but the Plesiosaurs went from the Late Triassic to the End of the Cretaceous.
The largest turtle alive today is the Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), weighing up to 650 Kilograms(1.430 Pounds).[62]
The largest freshwater Turtle is the Yangtze giant Turtle (Rafetus swinhoei),which can weigh up to 220 Kilograms(484 Pounds).[63] The largest tortoise is the Galapagos Tortoise (Chelonoidis),which weighs up to 417 Kilograms (919 Pounds).[64]
Testudinata[]
Size of Archelon by the St. Catherines Island Sea Turtle Conservation Program
The largest turtle ever was Archelon, at 4.5 Meters(15 Feet) along the carapace and 3.3 Tonnes (3.63 US Tons).[65]
The largest freshwater turtle is Stupendemys, at 3 meters(10 feet) across the carapace and over 1.1 Tonnes (1.21 US Tons).[66]
The largest tortoise is Megalochelys, with a carapace length of more than 2 Meters(6.6 Feet) and a weight of around 2 Tonnes (2.2 US Tons).[67]
Sauropterygia[]
The largest Placodont is Placodus,at 3 Meters long(10 feet) it is similar to the modern day Leatherback Sea Turtle in size.[68]
The largest Nothosaur is Nothosaurus, measuring up to 7 Meters(23 Feet) in length.[69]
Aristonectes(Top left,Middle and Right) size compared to other plesiosaurs
The largest plesiosaurine is Aristonectes, measuring up to 12 Meters(40 Feet) and 13 Tonnes(14.3 US Tons).[70]
The largest short-necked plesiosaurine is Dolichorynchops,measuring up to 5.1 Meters(17 feet) long.[71]
Sachicasaurus size by Bran Artworks
The largest Pliosaurid is Sachichasaurus, measuring up to 11 - 12 Meters(36 feet) and 12 Tonnes(13.2 US Tons).[72]
Illustration of Aunt Colossus specimens in their natural habitat
The largest known Ichthyosaur is the recently named Ichthyotitan, which is estimated to be around 25 meters (82 feet) in length.[73]
Mammalia[]
Of all the mammals, the largest living one is the Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus), with an aformentioned weight of 200 Tonnes (220 US Tons). The largest carnivorous mammal is the Polar Bear (Ursus martimus) and the largest land mammal is the African Bush Elephant (Loxodontia africana).
Monotremes[]
Murrayglossus size comparison
The largest monotreme was Murrayglossus, with a length of 1 Meter(3.3 Feet) and a weight of 30 Kilograms(66 Pounds).[74]
Marsupials[]
Size of Diprotodon
The largest marsupial in general was Diprotodon, with a weight of 2.2-3.4 Tonnes(2.42-3.73 US Tons), and a height of 1.8 Meters(6 Feet).[75] [76]
The largest macropod and tallest marsupial has been changing, but as of now it is Procoptodon goliah, with a standing height of 2 Meters(6.6 Feet) and a weight of 240 Kilograms(528 Pounds).[77]
Placentals[]
Ferae[]
The largest extinct pangolin was the Giant Javan Pangolin (Manis palaeojavanica), which was around 2.5 Meters (8 feet) and 100 Kgs(220 pounds).[78]
Megistotherium size by Dan Folkes (Note that the middle is the largest reliable specimen instead of the top.)
Amphicyon ingens size by Harry The Fox
The largest Hyaenodontid was Megistotherium, with a weight of 1313 Kilograms(3000 Pounds), this would make it the largest terrestrial, mammalian carnivoramorph.[79]
Caniformia[]
Out of the "Bear dog" Amphicyonids, the largest was likely the families namesake, Amphicyon, specifically A. ingens. With an estimated maximal weight of 550 Kgs (1,210 Pounds).[80]
The volumetric model used to get the 1300 Kg estimate, by The Modes.
The giant Borophagine, Epicyon haydeni, was by far the largest known canid, at 170 Kgs (380 Pounds).[81]
The largest ursid is the infamous Arctodus simus, with an impressive mass of 1300 Kgs (3000 Pounds), rivaling Megistotherium in overall size.[82]
The largest pinniped and largest known carnivoran ever was the truely ginormous Pontolis magnus, reaching a weight of roughly 6 Tonnes (6.6 US Tons) and lengths over 6 Meters (20 Feet).[83]
The largest known mustelid was the giant Enhydriodon omoensis, with an estimated size of 200 Kilograms, larger than any average of living felid species.[84]
Feliformia[]
Skeletal reconstruction of the giant by Lamborlobator
Ngandong Tiger skeletal reconstruction by Lamborlobator
Quercylurus major is the largest known Nimravid (Group of basil felid-like feliformes), weighing in at roughly 180 Kgs (400 Pounds).[85]
Barbourofelis fricki was the largest Barbourofelid, a sister group to the true felids, at around 180 to 300 Kgs (400 to 660 Pounds).[86]
The GDI model for the Mosbach Lion (Note a few extra Kilograms can be added as the modle did not account for fat)
The largest true cat ever where likely members of the Amphimachairodus genus, this giant Machairodont has a 45 Centimeter (1.5 Foot) long skull, suggesting an animal over 400 Kilograms (880 Pounds).[87]
Meanwhile the largest pantherine and by extension largest felid of a still living family is a tough contest. It is a tie between the Ngandong Tiger (Panthera tigris soloensis) and the Mosbach Lion (Panthera fossilis). The former has been estimated to reach around the 424 Kilograms (933 Pounds) mark, while the latter likely reached similar sizes accounting for fat.[88][89]
The largest herpestoid that wasn't closely related to the Hyena is the relatively recently extinct Giant Fossa (Cryptoprocta spelea), weighing in at roughly 20 Kilograms (44 Pounds).[90]
Size of Dinocrocuta gigantea
Meanwhile the largest Hyena relative was Dinocrocuta gigantea, weighing up to 200 Kilograms (440 Pounds), as much as a large Tiger.[91]
Artiodactyls[]
The largest Camel was the giant Syrian Camel (?Camelus moreli), with a total height of 4 Meters (13 Feet) and a weight of likely 3.5 Tonnes (3.85 US Tons).[92]
Artiofabulans[]
Megalochoerus size compared to a human
Out of the suids Megalochoerus homongous was the largest, weighing around 2 Tonnes (2.2 US Tons).[93]
Ruminants[]
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Size of Cervalces latifrons
The largest Girrafoid would be Sivatherium giganteum, with an estimated weight of 1,250 Kilograms (2,750 Pounds), around the same of a modern Giraffe.[94]
The largest known deer was the giant Cervalces latifrons, weighing a gargantuan 1,200 Kilograms as an upper estimate (2,650 pounds), as much as a large Bison.[95]
Bison latifrons compared to an Aurochs (Bos prigmigenus), which were around the size of modern day Gaur, by iofryy
The largest bovine was Bison latifrons, weighing up to a staggering 2,000 Kilograms (4,400 pounds).[96]
Whippomorphs(Excluding whales)[]
Size of H. gorgops compared to a human and modern Hippopotamus
The largest Hippopotamus was Hippopotamus gorgops, at over 4 Tons (4.4 US Tons).[97]
Size of Paraentelodon compared to a 1.7 Meter tall Human
As for the entelodonts, the largest was Paraentelodon intermedium, at around 1500 Kilograms (3,300 pounds) it is around the weight of an average Hippopotamus.[98]
Perissodactyls[]
The heaviest wild horse species was Equus giganteus, weighing 1,200 to 1,500 Kilograms (2,650 to 3,300 Pounds).[99]
Paraceratherium grangeri skeletal reconstruction by KookaburraSurvivor
The heaviest perissodactyl, and potentially largest terrestrial mammal, was the giant Paraceratherium grangeri(=transouralicum), weighing up to 16 Tonnes (18 US Tons).[100]
Size of E. caucasicum compared to a human with the somewhat controversial nose bump idea, by the Nodes
The largest Rhinocerotid ("Rhinoceros", in the strict sense) was Elasmotherium caucasicum, at around 5 Tonnes (5.5 US Tons).[101]
Cetaceans[]
Size comparison of several Perucetus specimens, skeletals by Changjingyin
The largest "Archaeocete" was Perucetus colossus, while older estimates were up to 340 Tonnes (375 US Tons), but more recent estimates put it at between 45 and 95 Tonnes (50 to 105 US Tons).[102][103]
Size of Livyatan by Fabio Alejandro
The largest toothed whale was Livyatan melvillei, at around 14.66 Meters (49 Feet) and 48 Tonnes (53 US Tons).[104]
Primates[]
Gigantopithecus is widely credited as the largest ape, with early estimates placing it at 10 ft. (3 meters) tall, a new study places it at only 7'7" (2.3 meters) tall.
Ursidae[]
The Arctodus also known as the short faced bear, was the largest Ursidae ever weighing 800 to 900 kilograms (1763.7 to 1984 lbs.)[105][106] and standing 1.8 to 2 meters (6 to 6.5 feet)[105][106] on all fours and 4 meters (13 feet)[106] reared up on its hind legs.
Sources[]
- ↑ https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app61/app001362014.pdf
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://web.archive.org/web/20110930194832/http://wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org/s/0MCarnivor/ursidae/ursus/Ursus_maritimus/01ursus_maritimusamwtht.html
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4304853
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Sb1IJYzXZhUC&pg=PT45
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20111123013241/http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2010/04/the_great_bustard_returns.php
- ↑ https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1GrYLFHH1DE6ecocbIdatOCk7x4NcPUpivqmoIj4wKtg/edit?usp=sharing
- ↑ https://www.deviantart.com/lamborlobator/art/Crocodylus-thorbjarnarsoni-skeletal-reconstruction-950832141
- ↑ https://www.deviantart.com/lamborlobator/art/Euthecodon-brumpti-reconstruction-983815962
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8079395
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2001.10010852
- ↑ https://www.deviantart.com/fadeno/art/Deinosuchus-hatcheri-multiview-skeletal-850628356
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0895981122002589
- ↑ https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/1095059438366372001/1100243947969847377/Screenshot_2023-04-24_191543.png?width=866&height=497
- ↑ http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2016/1554-teleosaurid-size-estimation
- ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-40492978
- ↑ https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/475022137644548128/1196973897237659828/Barinasuchus.png?ex=65de7dcf&is=65cc08cf&hm=361d56335e16d2932e7bf1d30b0e02918a2b4c04e315881b4c02c4cdec4a688f&
- ↑ http://www.flogfolioweekly.com/?cat=158
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=qmycDwAAQBAJ
- ↑ https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/verts/archosaurs/phytosauria.php
- ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355407927_New_digital_braincase_endocasts_of_two_species_of_Desmatosuchus_and_neurocranial_diversity_within_Aetosauria_Archosauria_Pseudosuchia
- ↑ https://www.deviantart.com/randomdinos/art/Vicentino-Prestes-de-Almeida-s-Crocodile-779090890
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2981443
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.1016%2FJ.CUB.2022.01.073
- ↑ http://www.ville-ge.ch/mhng/paleo/paleo-pdf/33-1/pal_33_1_05.pdf
- ↑ https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1199821093192617984/1208138648441061396/image.png?ex=65e231cb&is=65cfbccb&hm=af93367c8c8c577cc2502b967828b7cb532fe41acb28b43d90b39df1a364ae5b&
- ↑ https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1199821093192617984/1208147149771247726/image.png?ex=65e239b6&is=65cfc4b6&hm=58f923dd82fe8ba081cdc28534fe950ba3a3e00ff4787e691babfde38d1c8c8a&
- ↑ https://archive.org/details/athlonessaysonpa00chur
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4011683
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 https://www.deviantart.com/spinoinwonderland/journal/Some-more-GDI-s-again-2-708079280
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667119302460
- ↑ https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/10kENNmyqPts-fv-nCgK4Rse5YggniHiVTvj6BVv1JDo/edit?usp=sharing
- ↑ https://01182bb5-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/cryolophosaurus1/home/osteologyofcryolophosaurus.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7co94mntSd_9o3eefP85wHz2ynfTQvKhMQNAdIZyoumnStLJlkuCFE6wOc78UXxEzyKf7eoh5B7Q_gchrMoiEymFA2HDiwUdKgZfTtI7rBSvtQcOw59po7bxBLJS6npKics2ZiBxPl5gLrb5tE_fgjwFL2uNYd3-w49KLuHDvIcdirdJPAgh21lcdc77_OvOah6HbJGj-am2pnY0ofNNa_6y6ZBdpxt038pM6yuR7sppHUj-KaMxH0r11XJR8VwNGPRkdNFe&attredirects=0
- ↑ https://www.deviantart.com/cisiopurple/art/Deltadromeus-841647886
- ↑ https://twitter.com/SerpenIllus/status/1253316220461346818
- ↑ https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/897995109495353394/901963924155564042/Untitled296_20211024153924.png?ex=65dbc25d&is=65c94d5d&hm=2c81ec48be049c484264ea85fd9202854ba5756dd3f6964dbffbeb2235acf034&
- ↑ https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1199821093192617984/1208151711357607956/image.png?ex=65e23df6&is=65cfc8f6&hm=2d20b8d9d0af84abb0e985578e5541572ce7c5d60d98c962141c585a1f1a8653&
- ↑ https://twitter.com/SomniosusW/status/1746233331816005855
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 https://www.thecodontia.com/blog/the-largest-theropod-dinosaur-known-to-science
- ↑ https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1199821093192617984/1208182814877421568/image.png?ex=65e25aee&is=65cfe5ee&hm=218967d175f79ce5522e44fc4bb1bdd11cf2667d9782f84538cbdae795ad11d0&
- ↑ https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1199821093192617984/1208198760719585350/Untitled554_20240216175022.png?ex=65e269c7&is=65cff4c7&hm=56892f74d1c2d1ebd7b92f08d2c52a1c2cd8db48baace3eae7abd7605bd985a0&
- ↑ https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1199821093192617984/1208159613569212417/image.png?ex=65e24552&is=65cfd052&hm=60d53a4e3bd18f463261a433e97a29f20e4863ea39d07e2ce93e6146db6e1daa&
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4011683
- ↑ https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1199821093192617984/1208161178904166451/GBKB15eXQAAaT5R.png?ex=65e246c7&is=65cfd1c7&hm=44e7fc7bd07297bf8bc415f4c8aa766dd95c2a445fa3eebbbcb254bab6f48b46&
- ↑ https://eartharchives.org/articles/the-giant-troodontid-dinosaurs-of-alaska/index.html
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.07.063
- ↑ https://www.deviantart.com/tyrannoraptoran/art/Maraapunisaurus-fragillimus-Skeletal-892680754
- ↑ https://www.idunn.no/doi/10.18261/let.56.2.5
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170582
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2019.1605521
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906724
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4115518
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crpv.2013.08.001
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2019.01.026
- ↑ https://twitter.com/randompaleonerd/status/1386035771833036808
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjpa.2022.88
- ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/3548680
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202240/http://www.anacondas.org/diss/disser.pdf#
- ↑ http://oceansofkansas.com/mus-tylo.html
- ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jonathan_Bloch/publication/280610583_Cranial_osteology_Body_Size_Systematics_and_Ecology_of_the_giant_Paleocene_Snake_Titanoboa_cerrejonensis/links/563dfaa608ae34e98c4d6a1e/Cranial-osteology-Body-Size-Systematics-and-Ecology-of-the-giant-Paleocene-Snake-Titanoboa-cerrejonensis.pdf
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210307054402/https://www.livescience.com/48629-biggest-venomous-snake-fossils-found.html
- ↑ https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0007241
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4304853
- ↑ https://independent.academia.edu/BalazsFarkas/Papers/822333/Rafetus_vietnamensis_Le_Le_Tran_Phan_Phan_Tran_Pham_Nguyen_Nong_Phan_Dinh_Truong_and_Ha_2010_-_another_invalid_name_for_an_invalid_species_of_softshell_turtle_Reptilia_Testudines_Trionychidae_
- ↑ http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/60at60/2015/8/2002-largest-tortoise-392870
- ↑ http://www.bhigr.com/pages/info/info_arch.htm
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7015691
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.961v1
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018209005161
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245812
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667118302003
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.1671%2F0272-4634%282008%2928%5B664%3Acaatod%5D2.0.co%3B2
- ↑ https://revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/esrj/article/view/69916/pdf
- ↑ https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0300289
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=2UQH-YrWwCYC&pg=PA18
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1810005
- ↑ https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/123394#page/3/mode/1up
- ↑ http://australianmuseum.net.au/Procoptodon-goliah/
- ↑ https://prehistoric-fauna.com/Manis-palaeojavanica
- ↑ https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1199821093192617984/1208192655339552778/image.png?ex=65e26418&is=65cfef18&hm=742af203ae7c1a91f724cf7f916d9a2fdfafca85bf813404d036df0849802223&
- ↑ https://bioone.org/journals/acta-palaeontologica-polonica/volume-56/issue-2/app.2010.0005/Body-Mass-Estimation-in-Amphicyonid-Carnivoran-Mammals--A-Multiple/10.4202/app.2010.0005.full
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.2007.00091.x
- ↑ https://www.deviantart.com/themodes/journal/Largest-known-bear-Arctodus-simus-896216873
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=mHw6DwAAQBAJ&dq=Gomphotaria+skull+47+cm&pg=PA110
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.5852%2Fcr-palevol2022v21a30
- ↑ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00116.x
- ↑ https://prehistoric-fauna.com/Barbourofelis-fricki
- ↑ https://www.deviantart.com/lamborlobator/art/Amphimachairodus-giganteus-skeletal-994268852
- ↑ https://twitter.com/LamborlobatorAC/status/1700605408639893694
- ↑ https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/1082772193898942506/1138750527719624804/Screenshot_2023-07-17-17-35-46-59_40deb401b9ffe8e1df2f1cc5ba480b12.jpg?ex=65deee92&is=65cc7992&hm=fcd0d7677c85f20abdda2fa75285ff3d8d0fe529ad2db04c3e96780aaf0f77e9&
- ↑ https://doc.rero.ch/record/16528/files/PAL_E3242.pdf
- ↑ https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/article/96/1/51/2447943?login=false
- ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6035113.stm
- ↑ https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app61/app001362014.pdf
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4785933
- ↑ https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/523520
- ↑ https://www.deviantart.com/iofryy/art/Bison-latifrons-Skeletal-928792828
- ↑ https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/224/11/jeb217463/269062/The-evolutionary-biomechanics-of-locomotor
- ↑ https://twitter.com/Paleosculpts/status/1670453091139825665
- ↑ https://vera-eisenmann.com//IMG/pdf/136.Gigantic_horses.pdf
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.00136.2014
- ↑ https://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-elasmoterii-pleystocena-evrazii.pdf
- ↑ https://twitter.com/changjingyin/status/1696068370674962877
- ↑ https://twitter.com/changjingyin/status/1696068481614229560
- ↑ https://twitter.com/CetologyH/status/1605225809111052288
- ↑ 105.0 105.1 https://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/arctodusshort-faced-bear/
- ↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 https://www.cbc.ca/natureofthings/features/from-dire-wolves-to-giant-bears-meet-the-north-american-animals-of-the-ice#:~:text=In%20prehistoric%20North%20America%2C%20the,2%20metres%20at%20the%20shoulder.