Cisuralian

Smaller than a Microraptor!

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System (period)		Series	Stage (age)	Lower boundary, Ma
Triassic		Lower	Induan	251.902±0.024
Permian		Lopingian	Changhsingian	254.14±0.07
			Wuchiapingian	259.51±0.21
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	264.28±0.16
			Wordian	266.9±0.4
			Roadian	273.01±0.14
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	283.5±0.6
			Artinskian	290.1±0.26
			Sakmarian	293.52±0.17
			Asselian	298.9±0.15
Carb.	Pen.	Upper	Gzhelian	older
Subdivisions and "golden spikes" according to IUGS as of September 2023

The Cisuralian is the first epoch of the Permian period, preceding the Pennsylvanian in the Carboniferous. It is named for the Ural Mountains in Russia.

Geography

During this time, Gondwana collided with Laurasia and created the Alleghenian orogeny in North America, while in Europe, the Hercynian orogeny continued on. This led to the birth of Pangaea.

Climate

During this time, the earth was going through a period known as the Late Paleozoic Ice Age. As the earth warmed, glaciers at the poles were receding.

Biodiversity

This time period saw the very first beetles and flies. This time period also saw the rapid decrease of coal swamps from the Carboniferous. Herbivores feasted on the plentiful plants, such as Diadectes and Edaphosaurus. Caseids and Tetraceratops also first appeared in this time period, while chondrichthyans such as Helicoprion dominated the seas.

Terrestrial fauna consisted of pelycosaurs, diadectids and temnospondyls. Pelycosaurs had appeared in the late Carboniferous and were dominant by this time, and would remain so for approximately 40 million years.